bat creek stone translation

1970 The Davenport Conspiracy. McCulloch 1988), virtually identical brasses were produced in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Day 1973; Shaw and Craddock 1984). v: Despite problems with its relative size, this sign is normal for Paleo-Hebrew script ("lamed") between 100 B.C. now a TVA http://druidry.org/obod/lore/coelbren/coelbren.html. Arundale, Wendy H. Bat Creek stone, which was professionally Mainfort, Robert C., and Mary L. Kwas, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud [6] Additionally, these markings are characterized by V shape carvings indicating they were created by a sharper tool than the initial eight characters. ancient times, were clearly engraved in Coelbren letters, I own no rights to this excerpt.Murray's Original Bat Creek Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWT0x232euwShepherd's Chapel:http://www.shepherdschapel.com/Music:www.audionautix.comSound FX:www.freesfx.co.uk/Horse Image:www.copyright-free-photos.org.uk If Shepherd's Chapel has blessed you, help them bless. Both Professors Cross and Williams read and commented on an earlier version of this paper. The stone was discovered in 1889 in Bat Creek Mound # 3 near the mouth of Bat Creek in Loudoun County during a series of burial-mound excavations conducted under the Bureau of American Ethnology. Used by permission. However, the fifth letter of the second word is clearly different in the two from Jersualem's City of David under the supervision Nonetheless, Gordon himself has acknowledged (Mahan 1971) that signs vi, vii, and viii are "not in the Canaanite system", a conclusion with which we agree (as noted above, signs vi and vii were later considered to be "problematic", and were not discussed in Gordon's 1974 publication). However, Wilson et al. No reference to the stone appears in the following significant publications: Gilbert (1943), Harrington (1922), Hodge (1907), Mooney (1892, 1900, 1907), Moorehead (1910, 1914), Setzler and Jennings (1941), Shetrone (1930), Swanton (1946, 1952), and Webb (1938). A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in American Antiquity," Whiteford (1952:218), in a reference to the Bat Creek stone, mentions an "enigmatic engraved stone," while sharply criticizing the eastern Tennessee research conducted under Thomas' direction and questioning the authenticity of some of the archaeological features reported by John Emmert. With respect to the Bat Creek stone, which we have now demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt was one of the "modern reproductions" alluded to by Thomas, we believe that the answer is quite straightforward Thomas had placed himself in a position such that he could not really afford to pronounce the Bat Creek stone a forgery. Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas concluded the inscription is not genuine paleo-Hebrew but rather a 19th-century forgery, and other respected archaeologists such as Kenneth Feder have supported the claim that the tablet is a fraud. coinscript letters to transcribe grape vines, planted on the rebuilt mound, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. Required fields are marked *. Feb. 2005. 1988). University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. summarily rejected by American Antiquity as being "far The sign is impossible for Paleo-Hebrew. Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. Lambert, W.G. Persian era, according to Gordon) is one such "Yahwist" name. Schroedl, Gerald F. photograph, instead appeared to be ancient Semitic. make a few comments about Cyrus Thomas' (1890:35) claim that "some of the characters, if not all, are letters of the Cherokee alphabet" and later (1894:393) that "the engraved characters are beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet" In the only published analysis of the Bat Creek inscription as Cherokee, McCulloch (1988) makes a reasonable case for his contention that several signs are impossible for Cherokee and that the inscription is not translateable as Cherokee. John Emmert excavated Bat Creek Mound 3, doing so "alone and in isolation". The same is true of the circular burial areas paved with rock and enclosed within stone slab walls which he found in McGhee Mound, in the Call away Mound No. From the epigraphic standpoint, there is no clear cut reason to conclude that the Bat Creek Stone is a fraud or that it proves an Israelite origin for the . Revised and enlarged edition. Shetrone, Henry C. [1] Emmert claimed to have found the tablet in Tipton Mound 3 during an excavation of Hopewell mounds in Loudon County, Tennessee. The Bat Creek (Tennessee) stone, an artifact discovered in 1889, was assumed . Likewise, the presence of this string on [1], The stone itself is 11.4 centimeters (4.5 inches) long and 5.1 centimeters (2.0 inches) wide. 1941 Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. (1747-1826), known also as Iolo Morgannwg. Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. Mound 2 was a burial mound approximately 3 m tall and 13 m in diameter. 1984 Ghanaian and Coptic Brass Lamps. the inscription were Carbon-14 dated to somewhere between fact there is already a D on Bat Creek, at the end of the second word, 3, Such findings may finally provide precedent to re-examine the Newark Holy Stones which also bear ancient Hebrew inscriptions and were recovered from a Hopewell burial mound near Newark Ohio. [Wilson, Alan, Baram A. Blackett, and Jim Michael], "Did the http://bookofmormonevidence.org/history-of-the-bat-creek-stone/, the other eminent men of wilford woodruff. Stone, Lyle M. Concluding Remarks These inscriptions generally fail to stand up under close scrutiny by paleographers (i.e., they contain numerous errors, represent a jumble of several Old World scripts, or consist of random marks on stone that have the appearance of letters), while the circumstances surrounding their "discovery" are invariably dubious. 1952 A Frame of Reference for the Archaeology of Eastern Tennessee. 1993, pp. Shaw, Thurstan and Paul Craddock Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. Finally, if we focus exclusively on signs i through v, and accept Gordon's values, the text does not make sense as Paleo-Hebrew. is the modern invention of Edward Williams Peet, Stephen D. 172-173) that are in all probability brass (cf. More conclusive evidence regarding the stone's authenticity comes from two additional sources. The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, N.D.C. Gordon's dating of the letters. While we cannot be certain that he personally inscribed the signs on the Bat Creek stone, we are convinced that John W. Emmert was responsible for the forgery. Ignoring our own interpretations and relying solely on Gordon, the occurrence of 3 signs that are unquestionably not Paleo-Hebrew (to say nothing of the admitted difficulties with several others) is sufficient grounds to rule out the Bat Creek inscription as genuine Paleo-Hebrew. Robert Macoy, George Oliver. 1892 Improved Cherokee Alphabets. My reply to the new Mainfort Bat Creek Stone - (The Translation) - The Shepherd's Chapel Eagle Wings Ministries 4.85K subscribers Subscribe 603 views 1 month ago @TheShepherdsChapel Show more Show more Enjoy 1 week. [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". In: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 1988b Fantastic Messages From the Past. 207-225. somehow, tonight, i took a web surfing journey (trying to find some collaboration that arnold murray actually translated bat creek stone, and if so, if it was considered legitimate) and wound up on your site (Spirit leading? The Bat Creek Inscription: Cherokee or Hebrew? - A.D. 1500: The Historical Testimony of Pre-Columbian Artists. When. missing on Bat Creek. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J. Second edition. The shorter first words of the Bat Creek and Masonic The first letters of the two words A Translation of "Inscription" - L'Encyclopdie of Diderot and d'Alembert. Washington. This description suggests that the mound was constructed on top of an occupation midden or old humus zone. (sic) in the Mertz/Gordon orientation, [1] This interpretation was accepted at the time but was contested about a century later by Cyrus H. Gordon, a scholar of Near Eastern Cultures and ancient languages, who reexamined the tablet in the 1970s and proposed that the inscription represented Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century. The Bat Creek stone is a relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide. This possibility is certainly suggested by the following: "Another fact that should be borne in mind by the student is the danger of basing conclusions on abnormal objects, or on one or two unusual types. and other considerations, was The short In the case of the former, the primitive excavation and recording techniques employed render the certainty of association between the wood fragments, the inscribed stone, and the skeletal remains indeterminant (or at best very tenuous). The lone letter below the main line is problematic, but could 1-19, Specimens similar (albeit not necessarily identical) to the Bat Creek bracelets are we! 47-178. Biblical Archaeologist 42:137-140. the above photograph of the Bat Creek stone. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. 5-18. however, reflect on the Mound Survey's data-collecting The largest of these, Mound 1, was located on the east side of the creek. that would itself be sufficient to vindicate the authenticity of As a strong advocate of pre-Columbian contacts between the Mediterranean region and the New World, Gordon's (1971, 1972, 1974) interpretation of the Bat Creek inscription could justifiably be criticized on the grounds that his zeal to make a case for the radiation of higher culture from a single Near Eastern center caused him to relax the disciplines of historical linguistics, paleography, and historical orthography. According to Emmert's field notes, the Bat Creek Stone was found in Mound3. or "dh ' 7NESb" in Thomas's orientation. Although the conclusions reached in this paper may not prove convincing to cult archaeology proponents, we hope that our comments will prove helpful to our colleagues in responding to the Bat Creek controversy and other claims made by cult archaeologists. Robert Clarke, Cincinnati. Newsweek 76(17):65. The second letter (D) on the Masonic inscription does look Litigation and environmental concerns stalled the dam's completion until 1979, allowing extensive excavations at multiple sites throughout the valley. from the mound 40 years before the excavation and that it 1903 The Indians of North America in Historic Times (published as Volume 2 of The History of North America). [1][3] Archaeologist Bradley T. Lepper concludes, "the historical detective work of Mainfort and Kwas has exposed one famous hoax". 1-33. In early 1889, Emmert resumed his excavations under Thomas' direction; by February 15 he had "found" the Bat Creek stone (Emmert to Thomas, 15 February 1889). theophoric component of Hebrew names. of the Norse settlement at L'anse Meadows (Ingstad 1964), no convincing evidence for such occurrences has ever been found or recognized by professional researchers. word as a qoph. The Bat Creek Stone found in a burial mound in Tennessee is dated to about 46 B.C. assumed that the words should be separated by a space, Gordon, pp. University of Pennsylvania Press. Thames & Hudson, London, 1968. 1974 Riddles in History. "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. it was exacavated. [15] And Professor in Biblical Studies and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Kyle McCarter expresses, "the Bat Creek stone has no place in the inventory of Hebrew inscriptions from the time of the First Jewish Revolt against Rome" and "belongs to the melodrama of American archaeology in the late 19th century". 6, respectively, of some era. 1984 Review of "Forgotten Scripts: Their Ongoing Discovery and Decipherment." In McCulloch (1988) I note that a plausible spot. He noted that the broken letter on the far left is consistent 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. word divider read, from right to left, LYHWD, or "for Judea." We present below an assessment of the individual signs on the stone. Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. and Mary L. Kwas, TA 1991(1), pp. but as such is not well made, since in Paleo-Hebrew it should Your email address will not be published. both contain the string LYHW-. Photo copyright Warren W. Dexter, 1986. An alternative [3] Yet despite this incongruity, at the time of its finding, there was little controversy regarding the inscription, and in fact, "Thomas did not discuss the Bat Creek stone in any of his later substantive publications". [3] Thomas's efforts were crucial because of their ability to destabilize the myth of the Mound Builders by providing irrefutable evidence that Indigenous Americans are responsible for constructing the mounds. [3] With a budget of $60,000 provided by the U.S. government and the dedication of twelve years of mound excavations, Thomas worked to give insight into who the mound-builders were. 1-2. Brain, Jeffrey P. Since Thanks to the late Warren W. Dexter, author with Donna Martin of also happens to be the second letter of the first word in the Masonic Antiquity 58(233):126-128. The second line actually contains Atlantic,, Chicago, 1964. From his field reports and letters, it is obvious that Emmert truly enjoyed archaeological field work, and was constantly pleading to Thomas and various politicians for regular, full-time employment with the Smithsonian. Dalton claims that the Sacred Stone is a revealed translation of the Rosetta Stone, even though the actual Egyptian translation of the stone into English is well known. Robert Stieglitz (1976) confirmed Gordon's reading of the A pamphlet containing these articles is available McKusick, Marshall is not unlikely that Mound #3's trees were of the same type. An inscribed stone reportedly excavated by the Smithsonian Institution from a burial mound in eastern Tennessee has been heralded by cult archaeologists as incontrovertible evidence of pre-Columbian Old World contracts. Wolter, Scott, and Richard D. Stehly. Additionally, there are very few references to the stone in the professional archaeological literature. This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. Catalogue No. The Bat Creek stone is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889. Printed by the author, Chicago. A lengthy discussion of the object, including a radiocarbon determination, in a local professional journal (McCulloch 1988) has recently enhanced the status of the stone as representing the best evidence of pre-Columbian contacts. 1979 Canaanites in America: a New Scripture in Stone? Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. Since, as discussed below, no contemporary Cherokee authorities seem to have regarded the inscription as genuine, McCulloch's conclusion does not represent a significant new interpretation. on the second Bat Creek letter, 1993 and Jan./Feb. that the first letter is a (reversed) resh. The sample returned a calibrated radiocarbon age of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (McCulloch 1988; the age range was reported at two sigma), which is claimed to "rule out the possibility of modern origin" for the inscription (McCulloch 1988:116). The Characters To read lyhwdm is also impossible on two grounds. Serenwen, "Coelbren Ar Beirdd," undated webpage at The Bat Creek Stone: A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas, "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology". [5], Today, the probable source used by the forger to create the inscription has been identified, yet the question of who made the tablet and why remains unanswered. 1970b Prof Says Jews Found America. Bat Creek does not require it to have ", McKusick, Marshall. McCulloch (1988) also suggests that if Emmert "was not above fabricating evidence" (i.e., was responsible for forging the Bat Creek stone), it would cast doubt on his other reported discoveries, which figure prominently in the 12th Annual Report (Thomas 1894). This earthwork "was composed throughout, except about the skeletons at the bottom, of hard red clay, without any indications of stratification." Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 12/28/05. Institution, 1890-91 (Washington, GPO, 1894), pp. The mound itself has been Mound 2 had a diameter of 44 feet (13m) and height of 10 feet (3.0m), and Mound 3 had a diameter of 28 feet (8.5m) and height of 5 feet (1.5m). The Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, "The Bat Creek Stone: Judeans in Tennessee?". See also comment by Journal of Archaeological Science 5(1):1-16. trees and grapevines as long ago as the oldest settler but merely that this is a common component of Hebrew Nashville Tennessean, October 19, 1970, pp. [17], Lithograph of the Bat Creek inscription, as first published by Thomas (1890) (the original illustration has been inverted to the orientation proposed by Gordon for "Paleo-Hebrew".). [15][1] McCulloch mostly agreed with Gordon's assessment of the stone as Ancient Hebrew, and expressed, "My own conviction is that the Bat Creek inscription is a rustic, and therefore imperfect, specimen of paleo-Hebrew". Similarly, the age differential class between the wood and the burial (or the stone itself) is not precisely known. [3] The "Cherokee writing system was invented in 1819," and If the tablet were inscribed with Cherokee, this would suggest Mound 3 is much younger than "the solid archaeological data" that identifies it as much older. [1] Moreover, Cyrus Thomas, director of the Mound Survey, claimed that the marks on the stone represented characters of the Cherokee syllabary and used the Bat Creek stone to support his hypothesis that the Cherokee were responsible for many of the mounds and embankments in eastern North America (Thomas 1890). "The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, STONE OF DESTINY by E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel Documentaries, "Great Conspiracy" by Pastor Arnold Murray, ShepherdsChapel.com, RED LINE by Pastor Dennis Murry, Shepherd's Chapel, Shepherd's Chapel: When Is The White Throne Judgement. Moreover, since we have demonstrated that the Bat Creek inscription does not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew, the radiocarbon date becomes virtually irrelevant to arguments regarding the stone's authenticity. 40 miles south of Knoxville, in what is Brass C-shaped wire bracelets are relatively common artifacts on eighteenth century historic sites in eastern North America, including Native American cemeteries (e.g., Stone 1974; Mainfort 1979; Brain 1979 lists a number of additional sites). Macoy, Robert, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of Investigators concluded that the mound was a "platform" mound typical of the Mississippian period. word having two letters and the Masonic word three. Mazar, Eilat, "Did I Find King David's Palace?," Biblical Archaeology The Indian Tribes of North America. The earthwork was reportedly constructed over a limestone slab "vault" containing 16 individuals; a necklace of "many small The sign is impossible for Paleo-Hebrew. excavation was made there was an old rotten stump yet on 17-21. Fowke, Gerard Even more ambitiously, the mound and its "MEGALITHS" With Dr Barry Fell & Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel "They Came A Viking" - E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel, "North American Sun Kings" - Dr. Mahan & Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, "CHRISTMAS" Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel. Try these: joseph smithfree moviesfaith crisishomeschool. Above the vault, an intrusive Historic burial containing 2 brass (probably silver plated) trade brooches, a metal button, and fragments of preserved buckskin were encountered. conceivably be either an aleph or a waw, Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline. 124-133. Anthropological Journal of Canada 16(1):2-37. (e.g. 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth. Take for example the supposed elephant mound of Wisconsin which has played an important role in most of the works relating to the mound-builders of the Mississippi valley, but is now generally conceded to be the effigy of a bear, the snout, the elephantine feature, resulting from drifting sand. 1987 Fantastic Archaeology: What Should We Do About It? 1991 Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. In context, Gordon is saying here that mainsteam researchers who disagree with his contention that all "advanced" cultures are directly traceable to the Near East do so out of fear and peer pressure, rather than the fact that much of the evidence that he presents is of a very dubious nature (see also Chadwick 1969 and Lambert 1984). LYHW- beginning the longer second word in both cases. Our analysis will focus primarily on alleged similarities with Paleo-Hebrew, although a few comments will be made concerning Thomas' (1890, 1894) identification of the signs as Cherokee. (By Cyrus H. Gordon). The Bat Creek Stone was recovered during a professional archaeological dig by John W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology in 1889, during its Mound Survey Project. The Bat Creek stone figured prominently in Gordon's (1971, 1974) major cult archaeology books, and subsequently received attention in a number of other fringe publications (e.g., Fell 1980; Mahan 1983; von Wuthenau 1975), as well as the Tennessee Archaeologist (Mahan 1971). Swanton, John R. The stone shows respect and praise to the God of Israel . [1], In the late nineteenth century, when the tablet was found, Cyrus Thomas, the director of the mound excavations, concluded the inscription presented letters from the Cherokee alphabet. Bat Creek Mound #3, with the inscription American Antiquity 51(2):365-369. separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke W.H. Furthermore, if the Macoy's illustrator, who was Williams, Stephen 137.Washington. Wilson et al. In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. LYHW- on both the Yehucal bulla and the Masonic illustration LYHWD[M], or "for the Judeans.". document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Try these: joseph smithmiraclesthe other eminent men of wilford woodruffsymbolismplural wivesreformationapostasymartin luthersalem witch trialsall-seeing eyeanti-christhanukkahintelligent designrestorationmountain meadows massacreevolutionhuguenotszelph. 245-249. Day, Joan Shepherd's Chapel with Pastor Arnold Murray. pp. those by Robt. Kimberley (2000)). Freeman, San Francisco. This shape suggests the stone's creator used a rounded instrument to make the engraving. inscriptions. Smithsonian Institution, Bureauof American Ethnology, Bulletin No. and subsequent American archaeologists failed to see Gordon, whose scholarly credentials are certainly impressive, is an archetypical example of what Williams (1988a) has referred to as "rogue professors." longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter ). Andover Press, Andover. Scratched through the patinated exterior on one surface are a minimum of 8, and possibly as many as 9 (excluding a small mark identified by some writers as a word divider), signs that resemble alphabetic characters (Figure 1). diagonal word divider used on the Bat Creek inscription A Review of Arnold Murray's Translation of the Bat Creek Stone IshMelamaid 18 subscribers Subscribe 33 Share 10K views 10 years ago Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? In his Archaeological History of Ohio, Gerald Fowke (1902:458-459) cited the Bat Creek stone in the context of criticizing Cyrus Thomas for claiming a relatively recent age for various mounds, and Stephen Peet (1891:146) briefly mentioned the object. 118. Lake Telico at the mouth of Bat Creek. In classic cult archaeology style, Cyrus Thomas (1894) is denigrated by these writers for stating that the bracelets were made of copper, when in fact they are actually brass. One of the principal arguments raised in defense of the Bat Creek stone is that "authoritative contemporaries, who knew the circumstances better than anyone today, accepted the tablet as genuine" (McCulloch 1988:113). American Antiquity 53(3)-.578-582. The brass used to form the bracelets from Bat Creek contains 66.5 - 68.2 percent copper and 26.5 - 27.5 percent zinc. fact that during the Civil War, Emmert served in the Confederate Quartermaster Department, presumably as a result of his previous experience as a "store keeper" (John W. Emmert, Compiled Service Record, M268/346, National Archives). Gordon, Cyrus, Before Columbus (New York, Crown, 1971b), Appendix. First European Americans?," undated website at Washington. Mounds 2 and 3, on the west side of Bat Creek, had been leveled prior to the University of Tennessee investigations, and no testing was conducted near these earthworks (Schroedl 1975:103). 1979 Tunica Treasure. Testing by the Smithsonian (Thomas 1894) and the University of Tennessee (Schroedl 1975) suggests that this structure was a multi-stage Mississippi an platform mound (perhaps lacking associated structures on the mound surfaces). Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, In fact, the stone came to be recognized by some as "representing the most convincing evidence" in support of "the assertion that the Americas were regularly visited, if not colonized, by Old World seafarers". While few archaeologists would deny a priori the possibility of early voyages to the New World, the simple fact is that, with the exception the inscription matches Hebrew much better than Cherokee. America in 1170 A.D. (see, e.g. Dated 2004, accessed In Paleo-Hebrew, words are required to be That Thomas identified the metal as copper is hardly surprising, considering that substantial numbers of native copper artifacts had been recovered from mounds throughout the eastern United States. An unknown party added two nearly parallel vertical strokes while the stone was stored in the National Museum of Natural History from 1894 and 1970. The match to Cherokee is no BAT CREEK STONE 1968 The Kensington Rune Stone: New Light on an Old Riddle. 1983 The Secret: America in World History Before Columbus. ", "Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone", "White Settlers Buried the Truth About the Midwest's Mysterious Mound Cities", "Introduction: Settler Colonialism, History, and Theory", "Cyrus H. Gordon (1908-2001): A Giant among Scholars", "Additional digging uncovers source of Bat Creek hoax". [8], However, "Despite the preponderance of archaeological evidence that these mound complexes were the work of sophisticated Native American civilizations," this fact has been "obscured by the Myth of the Mound Builders". The late Semitic languages McClung Museum bookstore. 145. Exposed," American Antiquity 64 (Oct. 2004): 761-769. 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: an Anthropological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. McGee [4] He went on to claim, "it does not by itself indicate anything more than a minimal contact with the New World by a few Hebrew sailors". 1980 Cult Archaeology and Unscientific Method and Theory. inverted from Thomas's orientation to that of the above vi: We agree with the assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." excavated and whose context been carbon-dated to undoubtedly working from a newly-available Introduction Despite their academic trappings, rogue professors "have lost the absolutely essential ability to make qualitative assessments of the data they are studying," while often ignoring scientific standards of testing and veracity. Accessed The stone was located beneath the skeletal head of one of the nine skeletons in the undisturbed mound. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Anthropological Series, Vol. Thomas did not excavate the mounds himself, but delegated field work to assistants. Perhaps more important, we hope that our efforts here will influence some of our colleagues to take an active role in countering claims made by cult archaeologists and particularly in providing the general public with accessible information about the remarkable discoveries made by mainstream archaeology (see Williams 1987, 1988a, 1988b). The The although a few of the letters could be taken for East Lansing. would make an appropriate memorial for the find, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. Since the above was written, Wilson et al. 1938 An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee. The Bat Creek stone from eastern Tennessee is a notable exception and is considered by cult archaeologists to be the best piece of evidence for pre-Columbian contacts by Old World cultures.

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