This angered Serbia's leadership which proceeded to use police force, and later the federal army (the Yugoslav People's Army JNA) by order of the Serbian-controlled Presidency. What happened when the Czechs tried to implement liberal reforms in 1968? Particularly in the north, communications systems had been built primarily to serve Austria-Hungary, and rail links across the Balkans had been controlled by the European great powers. On 12 July 1968 President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito gave an interview to Egyptian daily Al-Ahram where he stated that he believes that Soviet leaders are not "such short-sighted people [] who would pursue a policy of force to resolve the internal affairs of Czechoslovakia". There were also large minorities of Hungarians, Ukrainians, Poles and Roma. Miloevi and his allies took on an aggressive nationalist agenda of reviving SR Serbia within Yugoslavia, promising reforms and protection of all Serbs. On that day, the Vijecnica,the former town hall housing the National Library of Bosnia-Herzegovina (pictured),was bombarded, and by the end of the night only the outer walls remained. With Bosnia's demographic structure comprising a mixed population of a plurality of Bosniaks, and minorities of Serbs and Croats, the ownership of large areas of Bosnia was in dispute. Contrary to its verbal support to Soviet intervention in Hungary in 1956, Yugoslavia strongly condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. The government of Montenegro survived a coup d'tat in October 1988,[32] but not a second one in January 1989.[33]. In 1987, Slobodan Miloevi came to power in Serbia, and through a series of populist moves acquired de facto control over Kosovo, Vojvodina, and Montenegro, garnering a high level of support among Serbs for his centralist policies. West Germany would have grown much stronger than East Germany. And Klaus and Meciar began their talks on the peaceful dissolution of the common state. Albania and Yugoslavia abandoned communism between 1990 and 1992, and by the end Yugoslavia had split into five new countries. The Kosovo War started in 1996 and ended with the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia; Slobodan Miloevi was overthrown in 2000. Despite this federal form, the new state was at first highly centralized both politically and economically, with power held firmly by Titos Communist Party of Yugoslavia and a constitution closely modeled on that of the Soviet Union. Under the new monarchy, some industrial development took place, significantly financed by foreign capital. We will not go down the road to national conflict. Contrary to what was seen following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, wherein the Russian Federation was internationally recognized as the sole successor state of the USSR, none of the former Czechoslovak or Yugoslav constituent republics achieved such status. On the night of August 20, 1968, approximately 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 5,000 tanks invade Czechoslovakia to crush the " Prague Spring "a brief period of liberalization in the communist. This nation was called the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, but there was arguably another state involved. [55] In the beginning months of the war, the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army and navy deliberately shelled civilian areas of Split and Dubrovnik, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as nearby Croat villages. Both stipulated that inter-state borders in Europe should not be changed. Up until that time, a number of political decisions were legislated from within these provinces, and they had a vote on the Yugoslav federal presidency level (six members from the republics and two members from the autonomous provinces). Real earnings in Yugoslavia fell by 25% from 1979 to 1985. [6] It was in this environment of oppression that the radical insurgent group (later fascist dictatorship) the Ustae were formed. [58] The international media gave immense attention to bombardment of Dubrovnik and claimed this was evidence of Milosevic pursuing the creation of a Greater Serbia as Yugoslavia collapsed, presumably with the aid of the subordinate Montenegrin leadership of Bulatovi and Serb nationalists in Montenegro to foster Montenegrin support for the retaking of Dubrovnik. On 12 March 1991, the leadership of the Army met with the Presidency in an attempt to convince them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the pan-Yugoslav army to take control of the country. Beth J. Asch, Courtland Reichmann, Rand Corporation. After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. In multi-party parliamentary elections, re-branded former communist parties were victorious in Montenegro on 9 and 16 December 1990, and in Serbia on 9 and 23 December 1990. Yugoslavia, former federated country that was situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. In 2006 the union was disbanded, and two independent countries were formed. [40], Following the first multi-party election results, the republics of Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose federation of six republics in the autumn of 1990, however Miloevi rejected all such proposals, arguing that like Slovenes and Croats, the Serbs also had a right to self-determination. Of these, 94.17% (78.69% of the total voting population) voted "in favor" of the proposal, while 1.2% of those who voted were "opposed". As a result of these events, in February 1989 ethnic Albanian miners in Kosovo organized a strike, demanding the preservation of the now-endangered autonomy. https://www.britannica.com/place/Yugoslavia-former-federated-nation-1929-2003, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Yugoslavia, Jewish Virtual Library - Virtual Jewish World: Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Yugoslavia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). With the acquiescence of Britain and France, Hitler annexed the German-speaking Sudeten areas of Czechoslovakia in 1938. Clever maneuvering and unfailing support from the Soviet Union enabled the Communists to stage a virtual coup dtat in 1948, and a peoples republic was formed. There was no fighting, as yet, and both sides appeared to have an unofficial policy of not being the first to open fire. On that same day in August 1992, Sarajevo, inthe nearby nation of Yugoslaviawas being besieged by Bosnian Serb soldiers, who shot cannons at houses in the valley from the surrounding mountains. In late 1989, however, a wave of democratization swept through eastern Europe with the encouragement of the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. With their highly developed industries and rich cultural traditions, Bohemia and Moravia - the regions that make up the current Czech Republic - played an important role within the Habsburg monarchy. This eventually led to the repression of the Albanian majority in Kosovo. [19] Tensions between the Croats and Serbs often erupted into open conflict, with the Serb-dominated security structure exercising oppression during elections and the assassination in the National Assembly of Croat political leaders, including Stjepan Radi, who opposed the Serbian monarch's absolutism. Former Embassy of Yugoslavia in Prague (today Embassy of Serbia), Former Embassy of Czechoslovakia in Belgrade (today Embassy of Czech Republic), Mausoleum of Yugoslav Soldiers in Olomouc, Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 23:25, Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, History of Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito, Czechoslovakia at the 1984 Winter Olympics, "UGOVOR O ODBRAMBENOM SAVEZU IZMEDjU KRALjEVINE SHS I REPUBLIKE EHOSLOVAKE, Beograd, 14. avgust 1920", "Zgrada Ambasade Republike eke u Beogradu", "Pet decenija od sovjetske invazije na ehoslovaku jugoslovenske refleksije", Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia: Division and disintegration, 141. He then began a campaign against the ruling communist elite of SR Serbia, demanding reductions in the autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina. Miloevi had been, up to this point, a hard-line communist who had decried all forms of nationalism as treachery, such as condemning the SANU Memorandum as "nothing else but the darkest nationalism". In Yugoslavia, the local leadership assumed that Moscow's assault on the CSSRa maneuver characteristic of the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine of limited sovereigntycreated a dangerous precedent. Background and German Occupation. Miloevi's answer to the incompetence of the federal system was to centralise the government. [2] The laying of the cornerstone was organized on the day of St. Vclav the Good day in 1925 with Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs J. Markovi, representatives of the Association of National Minorities in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Mayor of Belgrade Bobi and Head of Department in the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs Dr. Ribar in attendance.[2]. [17][not specific enough to verify], Meanwhile, the more prosperous republics of SR Slovenia and SR Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization and democracy. A shout came from the crowd to "arrest Vllasi". Later Jovi spoke to the crowds with enthusiasm and told them that Miloevi was going to arrive to support their protest. On 19 May 1991, the second round of the referendum on the structure of the Yugoslav federation was held in Croatia. However, the over-expansion of the economy caused inflation and pushed Yugoslavia into economic recession. 1995. Over 20 years after the war, Bosnia-Herzegovina remains internally deeply divided. None of these efforts reconciled conflicting views about the nature of the state, until in 1939 Croat and Serb leaders negotiated the formation of a new prefecture uniting Croat areas under a single authority with a measure of autonomy. Kosovo had been administered by the UN since the Kosovo War while nominally remaining part of Serbia. The assembly only considered legislation that had already been drafted, and local government acted in effect as the transmission belt for decisions made in Belgrade. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. But the status of ethnic Serbs outside Serbia and Montenegro, and that of ethnic Croats outside Croatia, remained unsolved. Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were both created as union states of smaller Slavic ethnic groups. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Czechoslovakia was a member of the Warsaw Pact, a mutual defense group of nations led by the Soviet Union, and several fellow member states were alarmed by the reforms. Though the National Library in Sarajevo has been rebuilt, the books and artifacts of a common culture that burned during the war are gone forever. After a decade of acrimonious party struggle, King Alexander I in 1929 prorogued the assembly, declared a royal dictatorship, and changed the name of the state to Yugoslavia. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [18], The historian Basil Davidson contends that the "recourse to 'ethnicity' as an explanation [of the conflict] is pseudo-scientific nonsense". The provinces had a vote in the Yugoslav Presidency, which was not always cast in favor of SR Serbia. The Serbian delegation, led by Miloevi, insisted on a policy of "one person, one vote" in the party membership, which would empower the largest party ethnic group, the Serbs. This was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Yugoslavia, as the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution required unanimity of all republics for the secession of any of the republics (Articles 5, 203, 237, 240, 244 and 281). Also known as: esk a Slovensk Federativn Republika, esk a Slovensk Federativna Republika, eskoslovensko, Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In general terms, the Czech Republic is a hilly plateau surrounded by relatively low mountains. In the 1960s a progressively deteriorating economy discredited the government and led to grudgingly granted, and limited, reforms. Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 80s was thus one of the more prosperous but also one of the more repressive countries in eastern Europe. The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia asserted in its Opinion No. [clarification needed], In the 1990 Slovenian independence referendum, held on 23 December 1990, a vast majority of residents voted for independence:[47] 88.5% of all electors (94.8% of those participating) voted for independence, which was declared on 25 June 1991.[48][49]. On the morning of 26 June, units of the Yugoslav People's Army's 13th Corps left their barracks in Rijeka, Croatia, to move towards Slovenia's borders with Italy. Here, too, the basic idea was to unite several related peoples and their traditional settlements in one state. Immediately after Croatia's declaration of independence, Croatian Serbs also formed the SAO Western Slavonia and the SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem. A brief treatment of the history of Czechoslovakia follows. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The FR Yugoslavia was renamed on 4 February 2003 as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. On 20-21 August 1968, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Hungarian People's Republic. In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) contributed significantly to the rise of nationalist sentiments, as it drafted the controversial SANU Memorandum protesting against the weakening of the Serbian central government. Czech position was that an even looser federation is unviable, and it's better to split in that case. [65] The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was subsequently admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 22 May 1992. They approved the policy of ethnic cleansing in the war. Croatian Serb politicians including the Mayor of Knin met with Borisav Jovi, the head of the Yugoslav Presidency in August 1990, and urged him to push the council to take action to prevent Croatia from separating from Yugoslavia, because they claimed that the Serb population would be in danger in Croatia which was ruled by Tuman and his nationalist government. Then puppet regimes will be set up throughout Yugoslavia. [citation needed], A decade of frugality resulted in growing frustration and resentment against both the Serbian "ruling class", and the minorities who were seen to benefit from government legislation. The kingdom was replaced by a federation of six nominally equal republics: Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. With the 1974 Constitution, the office of President of Yugoslavia was replaced with the Yugoslav Presidency, an eight-member collective head-of-state composed of representatives from six republics and, controversially, two autonomous provinces of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, SAP Kosovo and SAP Vojvodina. During 1990, the socialists (former communists) lost power to ethnic separatist parties in the first multi-party elections held across the country, except in Serbia and Montenegro, where Miloevi and his allies won. Both the United and Great Britain denounced the communist seizure of power in Czechoslovakia, but neither took any direct action. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia separated peacefully into two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The other significant Serb-dominated entities in eastern Croatia announced that they too would join SAO Krajina. Zagreb had by this time discontinued submitting tax money to Belgrade, and the Croatian Serb entities in turn halted paying taxes to Zagreb. The postwar Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Socijalistika Federativna Republika Jugoslavija) covered 98,766 square miles (255,804 square km) and had a population of about 24 million by 1991. The crisis that emerged in Yugoslavia was connected with the weakening of the Communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Republican communist organisations became the separate socialist parties. The king appointed a Council of Ministers and retained significant foreign policy prerogatives. [61] Bosnian Serbs held a referendum in November 1991 resulting in an overwhelming vote in favor of staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The countrys new Communist leaders concentrated on making the state-run economy more productive while also stifling internal political dissent. From 1960 to 1980, annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent, and life expectancy was 72 years. So Yugoslavia lurched from crisis to crisis until finally it collapsed, with barely a fight, in 1941 - when attacked by Nazi Germany and Mussolini's fascist Italy. [57], In Vukovar, ethnic tensions between Croats and Serbs exploded into violence when the Yugoslav army entered the town. Great difficulty was experienced in crafting this multinational state. World Bank, World Development Report 1991, Statistical Annex, Tables 1 and 2, 1991. The external status quo, which the Communist Party had depended upon to remain viable, was thus beginning to disappear. After initial resistance to this legal opinion (partially supported by certain Non-Aligned countries), The so-called Federal Republic of Yugoslavia accepted shared succession after the overthrow of Slobodan Miloevi. Moreover, its president, Josip Broz Tito, was one of the fundamental founders of the "third world" or "group of 77" which acted as an alternative to the superpowers. Macedonia was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 8 April 1993;[73] its membership approval took longer than the others due to Greek objections. His death removed what many international political observers saw as Yugoslavia's main unifying force, and subsequently ethnic tension started to grow in Yugoslavia. [23][failed verification] The problems imposed by heavy indebtedness and corruption had by the mid-1980s increasingly started to corrode the legitimacy of the Communist system, as ordinary people started to lose faith in the competence and honesty of the elites. We will not flinch from battle". [3] The Serbs tended to view the territories as a just reward for their support of the allies in World WarI and the new state as an extension of the Kingdom of Serbia.[4]. In Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, had lost its ideological base.[16]. Carrington responded by putting the issue to a vote in which all the other republics, including Montenegro under Momir Bulatovi, initially agreed to the plan that would dissolve Yugoslavia. Initial strikes in Kosovo turned into widespread demonstrations calling for Kosovo to be made the seventh republic. With the end of Communist rule and the reemergence of true multiparty democracy (the so-called Velvet Revolution), disagreements between the two halves of the country escalated. Both Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created in 1918, after the World War I collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The personnel manning the border posts were, in most cases, already Slovenians, so the Slovenian take-over mostly simply amounted to changing of uniforms and insignia, without any fighting. Former director of the East European Studies program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Corrections? Soon after the Communists were pushed from power by the velvet revolution in November 1989, Slovak leaders began talking. They even have a common "American Idol"-type show: "Czechoslovak Superstar.". Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Carrington's plan realized that Yugoslavia was in a state of dissolution and decided that each republic must accept the inevitable independence of the others, along with a promise to Serbian President Miloevi that the European Community would ensure that Serbs outside of Serbia would be protected. In the 1980s, Albanians of Kosovo started to demand that their autonomous province be granted the status of a constituent republic, starting with the 1981 protests. In their book Free to Choose (1980), Milton Friedman and his wife Rose Friedman foretold: "Once the aged Marshal Tito dies, Yugoslavia will experience political instability that may produce a reaction toward greater authoritarianism or, far less likely, a collapse of existing collectivist arrangements". There have been no problems between Macedonian and Serbian border police, even though small pockets of Kosovo and the Preevo valley complete the northern reaches of the historical region known as Macedonia, which would otherwise have created a border dispute (see also IMORO). Miloevi pretended not to hear the demand correctly but declared to the crowd that anyone conspiring against the unity of Yugoslavia would be arrested and punished. Ethnic tensions between Albanians and Kosovo Serbs remained high over the whole decade, which resulted in the growth of Serb opposition to the high autonomy of provinces and ineffective system of consensus at the federal level across Yugoslavia, which were seen as an obstacle for Serb interests. Serbian politicians were alarmed by a change of phrasing in the Christmas Constitution of Croatia that changed the status of ethnic Serbs of Croatia from an explicitly mentioned nation (narod) to a nation listed together with minorities (narodi i manjine). This resulted in Kosovo being turned into an autonomous region of Serbia, legislated by the 1974 constitution. Whilst supportive of their respective rights to national self-determination, the European Community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their independence, and reached the Brioni Agreement on 7 July 1991 (recognized by representatives of all republics). Serbian state-run television denounced Kuan as a separatist, a traitor, and an endorser of Albanian separatism. Of that number, 330,000 to 390,000 ethnic Serbs perished from all causes in Croatia and Bosnia. Between June 1991 and April 1992, four constituent republics declared independence (only Serbia and Montenegro remained federated). To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video. More importantly, Yugoslavia acted as a buffer state between the West and the Soviet Union and also prevented the Soviets from getting a toehold on the Mediterranean Sea. I think it was wise, the disagreements would just continue brewing. On 27 February, SR Slovene representative in the collective presidency of Yugoslavia, Milan Kuan, opposed the demands of the Serbs and left Belgrade for SR Slovenia where he attended a meeting in the Cankar Hall in Ljubljana, co-organized with the democratic opposition forces, publicly endorsing the efforts of Albanian protesters who demanded that Vllasi be released. A referendum on independence sponsored by the Bosnian government was held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. In public, pro-state media in Serbia claimed to Bosnians that Bosnia and Herzegovina could be included a new voluntary union within a new Yugoslavia based on democratic government, but this was not taken seriously by Bosnia and Herzegovina's government.[62]. Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the Balkan Peninsula, including a strip of land on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, stretching southward from the Bay of Trieste in Central Europe to the mouth of Bojana as well as Lake Prespa inland, and eastward as far as the Iron Gates on the Danube and Midor in the Balkan Mountains, thus A . Territory of the Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938-1939) In September 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland. On another occasion, he privately stated: We Serbs will act in the interest of Serbia whether we do it in compliance with the constitution or not, whether we do it in compliance in the law or not, whether we do it in compliance with party statutes or not. By the Vienna Award (Nov. 2, 1938), Hungary was granted one-quarter of Slovak and Ruthenian territories. In June 1989, the 600th anniversary of Serbia's historic defeat at the field of Kosovo, Slobodan Miloevi gave the Gazimestan speech to 200,000 Serbs, with a Serb nationalist theme which deliberately evoked medieval Serbian history. The individual republics organized multi-party elections in 1990, and the former communists mostly failed to win re-election, while most of the elected governments took on nationalist platforms, promising to protect their separate nationalist interests. A brief treatment of the history of Czechoslovakia follows. The Anti-bureaucratic revolution was a series of protests in Serbia and Montenegro orchestrated by Miloevi to put his supporters in SAP Vojvodina, SAP Kosovo, and the Socialist Republic of Montenegro (SR Montenegro) to power as he sought to oust his rivals. [bettersourceneeded] Davidson agrees with Susan Woodward, an expert on Balkan affairs, who found the "motivating causes of the disintegration in economic circumstance and its ferocious pressures". By taking control of the borders, the Slovenians were able to establish defensive positions against an expected YPA attack. In 1974 the presidency of the federation was vested for life in Tito; following his death in 1980, it was transferred to an unwieldy rotating collective presidency of regional representatives. The major beneficiary there was a newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which comprised the former kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (including Serbian-held Macedonia), as well as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austrian territory in Dalmatia and Slovenia, and Hungarian land north of the Danube River. Miloevi used this to rally Serbs against the Croatian government and Serbian newspapers joined in the warmongering. As part of the so-called Velvet Divorce, two new countries were created, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, on January 1, 1993. [34] This contributed to ethnic conflict between the Albanian and Serb populations of the province. [50] This effectively deadlocked the Presidency, because Miloevi's Serbian faction had secured four out of eight federal presidency votes, and it was able to block any unfavorable decisions at the federal level, in turn causing objections from other republics and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.[40][51][52]. The 1974 constitution was an attempt to short-circuit this pattern by entrenching the federal model and formalising national rights. Greece, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Latvia each had over 70% of their Jewish population murdered. Finally, the independence of Croatia was declared on 25 June 1991. The Violent Dissolution of Yugoslavia: A Comparative Perspective, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CzechoslovakiaYugoslavia_relations&oldid=1139600508, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 23:25. In Moravia on August 26, 1992, the Czech and Slovak premiers,Vaclav Klaus and Vladimir Meciar, respectively,stood before the press and declared that Czechoslovakia would become two independent states. The former Serbian province of Kosovo lies just south of Serbia. By 1939 Germany had occupied all of Bohemia and Moravia and turned the two regions into a German protectorate. Tito's death would show that such short terms were highly ineffective. In a series of rallies, called "Rallies of Truth", Miloevi's supporters succeeded in overthrowing local governments and replacing them with his allies. This second Yugoslavia covered much the same territory as its predecessor, with the addition of land acquired from Italy in Istria and Dalmatia. ", In March 1992, during the US-Bosnian independence campaign, the politician and future president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegovi reached an EC brokered agreement with Bosnian Croats and Serbs on a three-canton confederal settlement. Voters were asked if they supported Croatia being "able to enter into an alliance of sovereign states with other republics (in accordance with the proposal of the republics of Croatia and Slovenia for solving the state crisis in the SFRY)?". Yugoslav army chief Veljko Kadijevi declared that there was a conspiracy to destroy the country, saying: An insidious plan has been drawn up to destroy Yugoslavia. This contact with the United States and the West opened up Yugoslavia's markets sooner than the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. [67], In the Macedonian independence referendum held on 8 September 1991, 95.26% voted for independence, which was declared on 25 September 1991.[68]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [72], On 15 January 1992, the independence of Croatia and Slovenia was recognized by the international community. After the Allied victory in World War II, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.
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