The lack of cooperative efforts between the American and Mexican law enforcement communities has long been exploited by the syndicates, and not just to run stolen cars, but to run drugs, people, arms and money (Moore and Anderson, 9/8/96). In these meetings, Fuentes (actually represented by Gulf Cartel leader Oscar Malherve) told the Colombians that he would continue to deal directly with Peru and Bolivia. Los Herrera in Durango (Estado de Durango) is a town located in Mexico about 476 mi (or 766 km) north-west of Mexico City, the country's capital town. THE UNANSWERED QUESTIONS Many questions remain unanswered regarding the future of the Mexican cartels, and their role in the Meso-American organized crime scene. Carlos Hank Gonzalez and his two eldest sons, Carlos Hank Rhon and Jorge Hank Rhon, have been the target of a American investigation since 1997. President Fox has also called for the European Union to develop closer ties with Mercusor (Associated Press, 10/2/00). ", 8/19/99, internet. Federal police agents present Jaime Herrera, alias "El Viejito," He was convicted of accepting bribes from Mexican Drug Kingpin Amado Carrillo Fuentes and is now serving a 13 year plus prison sentence (Reuters, 3/3/97). Many wonder, however, whether the process of dedazo truly ended. Codigo Rojo Laguna claims that the two men are responsible for the sale of the drug known as Cristal, the theft of vehicles, the collection of quotas, extortion, Kidnapping of businessmen, money laundering, card cloning, scams to obtain bank credits in the name of third parties and forced disappearance., The Arrest Sources: La Jornada, El Financiero, El Pais, History Sources: Federal Press Release About Arrest of El 01, US Treasury Chart on Cabrera Brothers, The Daily Mail, The Bones of Geronimo , Valley Central, TV Notas, Proceso Digital, BBC, El Siglo de Durango, Reuters, The Senator, El G1 Sources: Codigo Rojo Laguna, EME-EQUIS, Buen hecho Hearst. In retrospect, Abrego was probably the victim of his own success. This purge brought the total number of officers dismissed from the Federal Judicial Police force between December of 1994 (when Lozano took office) and August of 1996 to 1,250, constituting 22 percent of the force. A Constitution was ratified in 1917, giving more political power to the central government, largely in an attempt to quell the violence. General Rosso Jose Serrano, director of the Colombian National Police, said in 1997, that Carrillo Fuentes's Mexican organization was overpowering the Colombian drug organizations. Those arrested, Bulita, Jeff, "Mexico faces corruption, crime, drug trafficking and political intrigue," Criminal Organizations, Spring 1997, pp. Herrera (green shoes killed in club in Juarez in the 80's)corral and Juarez invited zetas to Santiago area. The all time high, however, occurred in March of this year with the arrest of 19,908 migrants. Among his criminal Hammer, Joshua and Michael Isikoff, "The narco-guerrilla war," Newsweek, August 9, 1999, p. 42. The Mexican drug cartels have accumulated such wealth and power that they have been able to corrupt public officials all the way to the top - the country's top drug prosecutor (Associated Press, 8/27/99), the former Mexican drug czar (AFP, 3/3/98), the former head of the Mexican Federal Judicial Police (AFP, 3/28/98), the former director of the Mexican federal highway police (AFP, (9/26/00), the Chief of Police in Mexico City (Reuters, 12/11/97), Mexican state governors (Moore, 4/8/99), numerous military generals (AFP, 1/23/98; 3/3/98; UPI, 1/30/98), and even members of the Mexican foreign ministry (AFP, 2/6/98). In 1998 this number skyrocketed to 145, and to 325 in 1999. slow the rate of change) in the post-Diaz era. (Constantine, 2/27/97) The Mexican drug cartels have become the dominant force in the United States methamphetamine trafficking. The market was wrested away from the biker gangs in a somewhat bloody, but brief war. At this point the Mexican leadership is successfully achieving that end. AFP, "Mexican Congress files suit to force Zedillo to disclose financial deals," 9/9/99, internet. There are currently more than 200 U.S. military personnel and 100 federal law enforcement agents stationed in Colombia. On April 1, 1997, a new and much tougher immigration law went into effect - that date has been called "Black Tuesday" in Mexico (Reuters, 4/17/97), and it has had long repercussions for many, many Mexican families. To be successful, he will need to take control of the economy away from the traditional Mexican power brokers, and that will not be easy. Felipe Cabrera Sarabia and his three younger brothers began working in organized crime sometime in the 1990s. El Blog de Los Guachos Share to Twitter on prior indictments in Miami, Florida. Just a big name coincidence. While hard data is impossible to obtain, it is generally accepted that up to 80 percent of the farm workers who pick the 200 different crops grown in America (worth $15.1 billion) are undocumented workers; in raw figures it may be as many as 800,000 individuals (Ritter, 1999). controlled as much as 90% of local heroin distribution. drug with increasing consumption and highly addictive. The polls clearly indicated that in the absence of a united front from the opposition, the PRI party would not have been removed from power, even with the public revelations of gross PRI misconduct (money laundering and bank bailout scam; kidnapping and torture activities; assassination of Massieu and Colosio)(AFP, 8/30/99; 9/1/99). Colombia on the other hand, currently has a relatively weak cartel presence, but an overwhelmingly powerful terrorist presence. AFP, "Oaxaca citizens flee their homes," 12/16/97, internet. 1, 6). The Mexicans began by-passing the Colombians and going directly to Bolivian and Peruvian suppliers during the summer of 1997. Population coming from outside the State of Durango: Percentage speaking an indigenous language: Percentage who speak an indigenous language and do not speak Spanish: Employed population over 12 years (women): Dwellings with toilet or sanitary facilities: Households with personal computer, laptop or tablet. Perhaps an equal amount of money is brought into the country from the drug trade. wasn't his dad hard line against any use. As long as the party-state arrangement continues, there will be little hope of any serious law enforcement attention given to the cartels; token efforts to please American certification requirements, yes, but no serious efforts of consequence, and public murders of this nature as well as other inappropriate behaviors, will continue to occur. AFP, "Mexico arrests former top cop," 3/28/98, internet. In February 2022, the highly-regarded news publication EME-EQUIS reported on documents they received, leaked from an Army intelligence investigation into Durango politicians involved in organized crime. Even if the citizenry were to vote an opposition party member into office, the Senate, with the Constitutional power to ratify elections, has been known to place the "appropriate" PRI candidates in office, regardless of the actual vote. criminal syndicates such as the Jaime Herrera organization were trafficking The Amezcua brothers have been buying ephedrine in every major producing country in the world including China, India, Germany and the Czech Republic. He proposed a new plan for business with Colombia. "Colombia: Rebels Earn Billions from Crime," Criminal Organizations, May 1999, p. 27. There has no been no independent Mexican press of any stature for at least 70 years. For a while, the Herrera's were running Colombian cocaine into the United States for the Medellin and then the Cali Cartels. Being situated only a few minutes away from the city's famous historic centre, the luxury hotel with its spacious rooms and exceptional service leaves nothing to be desired. El 02 and El 03 are said to be direct reports under El Mayo and his successor, Mayito Flaco. If victorious in this effort, he will surely root out a significant measure of the institutional corruption that has both hampered Mexico's socio-economic development and collaterally permitted its' organized crime syndicates to prosper for half a century. Anxious to make the sale and knowing that the money orders are legitimate (ie., the dealership will get its money), the financial paper is accepted and the car is sold. Some of that embezzled money was also distributed as campaign contributions to several other PRI members, namely Renato Bega from Sinaloa, Eduardo Robledo from Chiapas, and more recent reports suggest that President Zedillo also accepted illegal contributions from Peniche. Harvey, Neil, Rebellion in Chiapas. THE MEXICAN DRUG CARTELS TODAY While there is little hard data and many conflicting "authoritative" estimates, it appears that as much as 90 percent of the cocaine, 80 percent of the foreign-grown marijuana, 70 percent of the heroin, and 80 percent of the raw methamphetamine ingredients consumed in the United States enters by land from Mexico. O'Day, Patrick and Rex Venecia, "An Ethnographic Study of Drug Trafficking in a Small Mexican Border Town," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, November 1999, pp. The Some ten years ago, a special Mexican border police force, Grupo Beta, was created. At best, we are fighting a holding action. Enjoy spending hours looking at satellite images to find your home or remembering places in a village? 421-443. Five years ago, at a United Nations conference in Naples, participants were warned that if coordinated law enforcement actions were not swiftly undertaken at the international level, the world community would become a slave to organized crime, for the syndicates would be able to control economic conditions worldwide (United Nations, 1995). Reuters, "Poll: Mexicans sour on U.S.," 5/6/97, internet. This occurred only hours before Tavia was to propose a plan to the Attorney General to purge the regional police of corrupt officers. returned the majority of their profits to their home in Mexico, using The Mexican leadership will, rather hypocritically, use the national stage and national resources to dismantle a cartel, always a cartel that is a rival to is cartel partner. The Durango Cartel, also known as the Herrera Cartel, is a Mexican drug cartel based in Durango City, Durango. This arrangement clearly institutionalizes fraud and corruption, and it has been a part of the Mexican political environment for nearly four generations. Travelers' Choice. Reuters, "Mexican drug raid nets nearly 10 tons of cocaine," 4/24/97, internet. And This UPDATE from Mexico-Translated by Havana: The Federal Police At the 11th hour however, Mexico capitulated. Associated Press, "Mexico drug certification likely," 3/1/99, internet. Anderson, John W. and Molly Moore, "Mexican cartels diversify," Washington Post Foreign Service, 8/12/96. "'Gutierrez may have done more severe damage to the war against the Mexican drug cartels than Aldrich Ames did to the CIA's espionage operations' said DEA official, Thomas Constantine" (Brant, 1997:36) In January of 1998, a retired Mexican general was arrested and charged with actually helping the drug cartels with a number of their organizational problems. It also has access to large vehicles that can easily move large quantities of the bulky weed. Cooperative law enforcement efforts surface as another option to consider. It must be re-emphasized that the current model of Mexican governance is the result of nearly 120 years of socio-political evolution; the model is deeply imbedded in the Mexican political psychic and the general political landscape. As the Panama Canal changes ownership in the coming months, American military presence and the accompanying airborne surveillance efforts in Central America will become diminished. Meneghini), ----------------------------------------------------. Criticism and finger-pointing has become commonplace on both sides of the Rio Grande. Mexican officials recently arrested 51 undocumented Chinese who were hidden in secret compartments of trucks headed for the United States (AFP, 2/27/98). controlled the entire heroin process from top to bottom. The suspect Jaime Herrera Herrera was detained in Culiacan in Sinaloa state along with an alleged accomplice. It will be most difficult to wean the Self Defense Force from this new-found wealth, and they paradoxically loom on the horizon as a threat to the sovereign government of Colombia from the political right. Herrera organization ran a farm-to-the-arm heroin operation that cultivated ranches located just outside Culiacan for production of this drug, where he Amado Carrillo Fuentes (/ f u n t s /; December 17, 1956 - July 4, 1997) was a Mexican drug lord who seized control of the Jurez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo. A number of human rights groups have become involved, and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace recently issued a report that was critical of both governments. A strong case has been made by a number of commentators that he was prepared to begin a clean-up in the PRI, and that his death was consequently arranged via an agreement between the cartels and the PRI. Christian Science Monitor, "Holes open in US drug-fighting net," 7/28/99, internet. The agency, known as the Institute for the Fight Against Drug Trafficking, was dissolved after Gutierrez's arrest. The Cartel Jalisco will continue to purge the whole state of Zacatecas of the thieves from Durango and Sinaloa. While marijuana is still the most popular drug in Mexico, cocaine is no longer far behind, and is now reaching new populations, such as the children and the poor. The plan basically allowed the Colombians to take their cocaine as far as Mexico, where they would be paid in cash for it. Will President Fox be successful in his call for the development of a coordinated regional/multinational war-effort against drug trafficking? officials say they've arrested a man who manufactured methamphetamine for the In January 2012, SEDENA Special Forces soldiers began an operation which aimed to arrest El Arqui, one of the lesser known Cabrera brothers, in a remote area of Canatln, Durango. The police tracked down and arrested seven Cali Cartel leaders, including the Rodriquez-Orejula brothers. Setting up an undercover laundering operation in Los Angeles in 1995, U.S. agents handled more than $100 million and arrested 168 people, including representatives from three Mexican banks. Any attempt on the part of political officials to do so would likely draw the wrath of fellow PRI members who are still on the take. A political party with no opposition is accountable to no one. Good job AMLO. While the 1998 case against the Amezcua brothers (the current methamphetamine "kings") was trumpeted as evidence of improved cooperation between the U.S. and Mexico in the binational anti-drug battle, current problems in the case and with other similarly "botched" cases are upsetting the already tense relationship between the two countries (Christian Science Monitor, 5/23/99). million dollars at the beginning of the chain of illegal sale. UPI, "Mexican security forces corrupt/abusive," 1/30/98, internet. President Fox has expanded his vision, calling for a coordinated Latin American war against drugs trafficking (Associated Press, 10/9/00). There is a third component that also must be in place. The Mexican police airplane followed the drug transport plane to an airstrip where it stopped to re-fuel. This matter is being re-assessed in light of adamant demands on the part of American agents to be able carry their weapons into Mexico (Reuters, 10/22/97). THE RISE OF THE MEXICAN DRUG CARTELS The Mexican cartels originated in response to a demand for smuggling both people and contraband into the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. Though legally permitted to initiate revenue measures and pass the budget, the legislative body has generally not done so and has evolved to a point today where it is has relatively little political clout. AFP, "Mexican former highway police chief detained for drug trafficking," 9/26/00, internet. The list of its authors can be seen in its historicaland/or the page Edithistory:Durango Cartel. This group may have joined forces with the Federation to expand networks and marketing capabilities. America does in fact support roughly a $50 billion a year drug market (Larmer, 1998). The guy on crutches is Felipe Naranjo Seville. map of the villages, fl neighborhoods, healthy normal veins under tongue,
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